Thermodynamics and the Glass Forming Ability of Alloys

Abstract

Bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) have received a great deal of attention due to scientific and technological interest ever since the first successful synthesis of an amorphous phase in the Au–Si system in 1960 (Klement et al., 1960). There has been a lot of interest to identify parameters to assess the glass forming ability (GFA) of various alloy systems and compositions. A great deal of scientific efforts for quantification of GFA of alloys has been devoted to investigation of the GFA of alloys. There have been a lot of parameters to assess the glass forming ability (GFA) of various alloy systems and compositions. As a result, many criteria, including the confusion rule and the deep eutectic rule, for evaluating the glass forming ability (GFA) of an amorphous alloy have been proposed. Among them, the criteria used usually are the supercooled liquid region 娟Tx(=Tx–Tg, where Tg and Tx are the glass transition temperature and the crystallization temperature, respectively) (Inoue et al., 1993), the reduced glass transition temperature Trg(=Tg/Tl, where Tl is the liquidus temperature) (Turnbull, 1969) and the recently defined parameters (=Tx/(Tg+Tl)) (Lu & Liu, 2002), x/(Tl-Tg)) (Chen, et al., 2005), TxTg/(Tl+Tx)2] (Yuan, et al., 2008), (=娟Trg(Tx/Tg)0.143) (Fan, et al. 2007), [=Tl(Tl+Tx)/(Tx(Tl–Tx))] (Ji & Pan, 2009), c[=(3Tx– 2Tg)/Tl) (Guo, 2010), and so on. These criteria have generally proved useful parameters for evaluating the GFA of an amorphous alloy. In order to guide the design of alloy compositions with high GFA, Inoue et al. (Inoue et al., 1998) and Johnson (Johnson, 1999) have proposed the following empirical rules: (I) multicomponent systems, (II) significant atomic size ratios above 12%, (III) negative heat of mixing and (IV) deep eutectic rule based on the Trg criterion. However, Al-based metallic glasses with rare earth metal additions (Guo et al., 2000), rare earth (RE) based glasses and some binary BMGs such as Zr-Cu, NiNb binary alloy (Xia et al., 2006), provide important exception from this generality, because most of above mentioned GFA parameters and rules capable of searching metallic glasses with high GFA are not applicable to these Al–based and RE-based amorphous systems. Furthermore, all the above parameters need the alloy to be first prepared in glassy form to be able to measure the crystallization temperature Tx, the liquidus temperature Tl, and/or the glass transition temperature Tg. Hence, the above parameters are not predictive in nature, as they cannot predict a good glass forming composition without actually making that alloy and rapidly solidifying it into the glassy state. It is well known that crystallization is the only event that prevents the formation of an amorphous phase. Metallic glass formation is always a competing process between the undercooled melt and the resulting