Abstract
Thermodynamic properties of aqueous species are essential for modeling of fluid-rock interaction processes. The Helgeson-Kirkham-Flowers (HKF) model is widely used for calculating standard state thermodynamic properties of ions and complexes over a wide range of temperatures and pressures. To do this, the HKF model requires thermodynamic and electrostatic models of water solvent. In this study, we investigate and quantify the impact of choosing different models for calculating water solvent volumetric and dielectric properties, on the properties of aqueous species calculated using the HKF model. We identify temperature and pressure conditions at which the choice of different models can have a considerable effect on the properties of aqueous species and on fluid mineral equilibrium calculations. The investigated temperature and pressure intervals are 25–1000°C and 1–5 kbar, representative of upper to middle crustal levels, and of interest for modeling ore-forming processes. The thermodynamic and electrostatic models for water solvent considered are: Haar, Gallagher and Kell (1984), Wagner and Pruß (2002), and Zhang and Duan (2005), to calculate water volumetric properties, and Johnson and Norton (1991), Fernandez and others (1997), and Sverjensky and others (2014), to calculate water dielectric properties. We observe only small discrepancies in the calculated standard partial molal properties of aqueous species resulting from using different water thermodynamic models. However, large differences in the properties of charged species can be observed at higher temperatures (above 500°C) as a result of using different electrostatic models. Depending on the aqueous speciation and the reactions that control the chemical composition, the observed differences can vary. The discrepancy between various electrostatic models is attributed to the scarcity of experimental data at high temperatures. These discrepancies restrict the reliability of the geochemical modeling of hydrothermal and ore formation processes, and the retrieval of thermodynamic parameters from experimental data at elevated temperatures and pressures.
Highlights
Aqueous fluids play a major role in geochemical processes that occur in the Earth’s crust [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]
We performed calculations with different combinations of thermodynamic and electrostatic models together with the HKF model and looked at the differences in the calculated properties compared to the baseline, where we used the IAPWS95 thermodynamic model and the FE97 electrostatic model, which currently are the recommended standard
The largest discrepancies between IAPWS95 and ZD05 can be seen at 1 kbar above 550°C, with deviations abruptly increasing to 2.5% at 600°C
Summary
Aqueous fluids play a major role in geochemical processes that occur in the Earth’s crust [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]. The HKF model has been originally formulated for the calculation of standard partial molal thermodynamic properties of aqueous species up to 1000°C and 5 kbar, and water density ρH2O ≥ 350 kg/m3 [31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41]. These conventional limitations are related to the accuracy of the model and the accuracy of the calculated water density and dielectric constant. Sverjensky et al [9] developed an empirical model for calculating the dielectric constant of water allowing the HKF model to be applied at deep crustal-level conditions with pressures up to 60 kbar and temperatures up to 1200°C [4, 9, 42,43,44,45]
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