Therapeutic effects of botulinum toxin type A in subjects with gummy smile: A longitudinal sEMG approach

Abstract

To evaluate the response of the myoelectric activity of levator labii superioris (LLS), levator labii superioris alaeque nasi (LLSAN), and minor zygomatic (Zm) muscles in individuals with gummy smile, volunteers to botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) application, with a follow-up of 6 months. Thirteen individuals were submitted to clinical evaluation and photographic records to monitor the variations of the gingival display (GD) during posed smile. The recording of the surface electromyography (sEMG) signal of muscles studied was performed in three tasks: posed smile (PS), upper lip elevation (ULE) and nose wing elevation (NWE). The root-mean-square value, an amplitude sEMG signal parameter, was extracted from the sEMG signals. One and three-way ANOVA were applied, and the level of significance set at 5%. There were significant differences (P<0.05) in the sEMG signal activity from the control condition (before BTX-A application - T0) to the 8th week of follow up, which was accompanied by clinical evaluation for the gingival display (P<0.05). The peak of the reduction in sEMG signals occurred 2 weeks after T0 for all the studied tasks, with the exception of the left hemiface in the PS, which showed a peak of reduction 4 weeks after T0. BTX-A led to a decrease in the sEMG signal amplitude over 2 to 4 weeks after application in the muscles, although differently concerning each hemiface when recruited to perform other mouth tasks. During the PS, the recruitment level of the upper lip elevator muscles was compatible with the clinical response obtained in the follow-up period in this study, which corroborates the sEMG assessment to clinical data.