Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic syndrome that is spreading like an epidemic throughout the world without any differentiation of races and ethnic groups and has become the cause of death worldwide. It is characterized by high levels of glucose in the blood and has different types classified on the basis of varying pathophysiology. Type 1 diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes is characterized by insulin insufficiency due to autoimmune dysfunction. Type 2 diabetes or non-insulin-dependent diabetes results from the combination of resistance to insulin action or/and inadequate insulin secretion. Gestational diabetes (GDM) is defined as hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance during pregnancy. Other types include the monogenic type of DM such as neonatal diabetes mellitus (NDM), maturity-onset diabetes of young (MODY), and diabetes in metabolic syndrome. Diabetes is diagnosed by criteria given by American Diabetes Association (ADA) for different tests like fasting plasma glucose test and hemoglobin A1c test. It is characterized by polydipsia, polyphagia, hyperglycemia, and glucosuria. Diabetes mellitus is managed through medications but many studies have proven that consumption of particular foods leads to decreased glucose levels in diabetic patients. Seeds like sunflower and flax seeds have a role in the reduction of glucose levels and can be used to treat type 2 diabetes. The bioactive components in these seeds like chlorogenic acid in sunflower seeds and secoisolariciresinol diglucosoid are involved in the treatment of insulin resistance or insulin production. In different studies, different amounts of these seed extracts were consumed by rats and humans and it resulted in better glycemic control, which provides information that these seeds have anti-diabetic properties.
Highlights
BackgroundDiabetes mellitus (DM) is generally a complex disease that affects all races and ethnic groups due to improper functioning of insulin, secretion of insulin, or can be a result of both and is the major cause of mortality of death worldwide
Diabetes mellitus is managed through medications but many studies have proven that consumption of particular foods leads to decreased glucose levels in diabetic patients
When insulin is unable to perform its function, blood glucose level rises above the normal levels and the condition called hyperglycemia takes place, which is known as diabetes mellitus
Summary
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is generally a complex disease that affects all races and ethnic groups due to improper functioning of insulin, secretion of insulin, or can be a result of both and is the major cause of mortality of death worldwide. We review studies to determine the effect of sunflower seeds and flax seeds and on type 2 diabetes Intake of these seeds' extract may reduce insulin resistance in pre-diabetic persons and decreases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Sunflower seeds are cultivated and consumed globally and contain highly nutritious components like fiber, protein, unsaturated fats, selenium, copper, zinc, iron, vitamin E and have several other nutrients, antioxidants, minerals, and vitamins that play a vital role in the prevention or treatment of certain diseases, and diabetes is one of them These seeds possess anti-diabetic properties due to the presence of chlorogenic acid, quinic acid, caffeic acid, glycosides, and phytosterols. Results showed a considerable reduction in plasma glucose levels [21]
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