Theory of Decay of Superfluid Turbulence in the Low-Temperature Limit

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We review the theory of relaxational kinetics of superfluid turbulence—a tangle of quantized vortex lines—in the limit of very low temperatures when the motion of vortices is conservative. While certain important aspects of the decay kinetics depend on whether the tangle is non-structured, like the one corresponding to the Kibble-Zurek picture, or essentially polarized, like the one that emulates the Richardson-Kolmogorov regime of classical turbulence, there are common fundamental features. In both cases, there exists an asymptotic range in the wavenumber space where the energy flux is supported by the cascade of Kelvin waves (kelvons)—precessing distortions propagating along the vortex filaments. At large enough wavenumbers, the Kelvin-wave cascade is supported by three-kelvon elastic scattering. At zero temperature, the dissipative cutoff of the Kelvin-wave cascade is due to the emission of phonons, in which an elementary process converts two kelvons with almost opposite momenta into one bulk phonon. Along with the standard set of conservation laws, a crucial role in the theory of low-temperature vortex dynamics is played by the fact of integrability of the local induction approximation (LIA) controlled by the parameter Λ=ln (λ/a 0), with λ the characteristic kelvon wavelength and a 0 the vortex core radius. While excluding a straightforward onset of the pure three-kelvon cascade, the integrability of LIA does not plug the cascade because of the natural availability of the kinetic channels associated with vortex line reconnections. We argue that the crossover from Richardson-Kolmogorov to the Kelvin-wave cascade is due to eventual dominance of local induction of a single line over the collective induction of polarized eddies, which causes the breakdown of classical-fluid regime and gives rise to a reconnection-driven inertial range.