Theoretical study of transport through a quantum point contact.

Abstract

We developed a formalism within the linear-response theory to investigate the transport through a quantum point contact between two electron-gas reservoirs. It is valid for two-terminal conductance through a constriction of a two-dimensional (2D) or 3D potential and has a wide range of applicability covering ballistic as well as tunneling regimes. We studied the quantization of conductance and examined several effects influencing the quantum transmission. Among these effects we found that the simple phase relation results in resonance structures superimposed on the plateaus between two steps of quantized conductance. These resonances are destroyed by the smooth entrance, finite temperature and bias, and variation of the potential. The simulation of adiabatic transmission in constrictions having smoothly varying widths resulted in the conductance with sharp quantum steps without the resonance structure. The quality of quantization is strongly affected by the length of constriction, Fermi-level smearing, the obstacle at the entrance, impurity scattering, nonuniformities of geometry and potential, and in particular by the variation of the longitudinal potential resulting in a sharp saddle-point structure.