Theoretical Mechanistic Study of C(sp3 )-C(sp2 ) Cross-Coupling by Photoredox-Mediated Iridium(III)/Nickel(II)/Quinuclidine Triple Catalysis.

Abstract

The photoredox-mediated iridium(III)/nickel(II)/3-acetoxyquinuclidine triple-synergistic catalysis was comprehensively investigated by taking a C(sp3 )-C(sp2 ) bond cross-coupling as a reaction model using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The synergistic mechanism of the triple catalytic system includes a reductive quenching cycle (IrIII -*IrIII -IrII -IrIII ), an organocatalytic cycle, and a nickel catalytic cycle (NiII -NiI -NiIII -[NiIII ]⊖ -NiII ). Electronic process analysis shows that 3-acetoxyquinuclidine acts as a hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) catalyst to regioselectively provide α-carbon centered radical. Due to more favorable oxidative addition of C-Br to Ni(I) than HAT to avoid the formation of stable Ni(II) species, the generated α-carbon centered radical prefers to be captured by oxidative addition product Ni(III) to form an unusual [NiIII ]⊖ C⊕ species when 3-acetoxyquinuclidine was employed. These theoretical insights not only provide deep electronic process understanding of the photoredox-mediated iridium(III)/nickel(II) synergistic catalysis, but also clarify the electron-withdrawing group effect of quinuclidine, which has a potential guiding role for further development of new cross-coupling reactions.