Theoretical insight into the aqueous transformation mechanism of terbutaline using O3 and •OH of advanced oxidation processes

Abstract

Terbutaline (TBL, an β-agonists pharmaceuticals) is one of the pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), which has caused many environmental concerns due to its eco-toxicological effects in aquatic environment. In this research, density functional theory (DFT) and quantitative structure–activity relationships (QSARs) toxicity methods were performed to systematically elucidate the transformation mechanisms and ecological risk of TBL degraded by •OH and O3. By analyzing the structure and electronic properties of TBL, the •OH-addition, H-abstraction, single electron transfer and 1, 3-cycloaddition ozonation degradation pathways were mainly investigated. The lowest energy barriers of •OH and O3 initiated reactions in the degradation process were 7.33 and 18.49 kcal mol−1 respectively, which indicated that the •OH degradation process was more likely to occur than O3 induced reactions from a thermodynamic perspective. The kinetic rate constants of O3 and •OH at 298 K were calculated as 7.58 M−1 s−1 and 1.02 × 109 M−1 s−1, respectively. Furthermore, the subsequent intermediates could further transform into hydroxylation substitutes, glyoxylic acid and ketoaldehyde by-products. Based on toxicity assessments, parent reactant TBL can exhibit harmful acute and chronic toxicity to daphnid (identified by LC50 33.2 mg L−1 and ChV 2.34 mg L−1). The toxicity of most of the degradation products was reduced to harmless level compared with the parent reactant TBL. This work provided a molecular level understanding for evaluating the contribution of O3 and •OH to the removal of TBL from wastewater by theoretical calculations.