Abstract
BackgroundThe energy requirement of species at each trophic level in an ecological pyramid is a function of the number of organisms and their average mass. Regarding human populations, although considerable attention is given to estimating the number of people, much less is given to estimating average mass, despite evidence that average body mass is increasing. We estimate global human biomass, its distribution by region and the proportion of biomass due to overweight and obesity.MethodsFor each country we used data on body mass index (BMI) and height distribution to estimate average adult body mass. We calculated total biomass as the product of population size and average body mass. We estimated the percentage of the population that is overweight (BMI > 25) and obese (BMI > 30) and the biomass due to overweight and obesity.ResultsIn 2005, global adult human biomass was approximately 287 million tonnes, of which 15 million tonnes were due to overweight (BMI > 25), a mass equivalent to that of 242 million people of average body mass (5% of global human biomass). Biomass due to obesity was 3.5 million tonnes, the mass equivalent of 56 million people of average body mass (1.2% of human biomass). North America has 6% of the world population but 34% of biomass due to obesity. Asia has 61% of the world population but 13% of biomass due to obesity. One tonne of human biomass corresponds to approximately 12 adults in North America and 17 adults in Asia. If all countries had the BMI distribution of the USA, the increase in human biomass of 58 million tonnes would be equivalent in mass to an extra 935 million people of average body mass, and have energy requirements equivalent to that of 473 million adults.ConclusionsIncreasing population fatness could have the same implications for world food energy demands as an extra half a billion people living on the earth.
Highlights
The energy requirement of species at each trophic level in an ecological pyramid is a function of the number of organisms and their average mass
In relation to human populations, much attention is given to the effect of population growth on food energy requirements, much less attention is given to the impact of increasing body mass
Our results show that this could have important implications for world energy requirements
Summary
The energy requirement of species at each trophic level in an ecological pyramid is a function of the number of organisms and their average mass. Thomas Malthus’ Essay on the Principle of Population warned that population increase would eventually outstrip food supply, resulting in famine [1]. Malthus expressed his concern at a time when the amount of food energy that could be harvested from a given amount of land was constrained by the available agricultural technologies. In relation to human populations, much attention is given to the effect of population growth on food energy requirements, much less attention is given to the impact of increasing body mass
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