Abstract
The purpose of this review is to highlight recent scientific developments and provide an overview of virus self-assembly and viral particle dynamics. Viruses are organized supramolecular structures with distinct yet related features and functions. Plant viruses are extensively used in biotechnology, and virus-like particulate matter is generated by genetic modification. Both provide a material-based means for selective distribution and delivery of drug molecules. Through surface engineering of their capsids, virus-derived nanomaterials facilitate various potential applications for selective drug delivery. Viruses have significant implications in chemotherapy, gene transfer, vaccine production, immunotherapy and molecular imaging.
Highlights
Related methods were used for the transmission of doxorubicin in the cucumber mosaic virus [109]. toward improving the MRI comparison, lanthanides were used as a natural affinity for loads of nucleic acids Qβ and CPMV with Gd, and the capsids were loaded with Gd in Qβ via azide-alkyne Click Gd-chelate combination to capsid sites
Adenovirus, which infiltrates mammals, uses shape, approaches and methodologies, striking similar to those utilized by the bacteriophage PRD1
The similarities between adenoviruses and PRD1 extend to their DNA replication pathways, capsid composition and the folding of their main proteins
Summary
Generic viral life cycle As obligate intracellular pathogens, viruses depend on host cells for replication and metabolic processes. Few viruses invade cells by fusing with or invading the cell membrane, but the majority of viruses enter by endocytosis (coronaviruses can enter both ways) (Figure 4) [83]. Viruses employ various methods to extract the viral genome from the virion, the complete, infective type of a virus outside of a host cell (Figure 4). Certain viruses, such as rhinoviruses, extend to form endosome pores from which the viral genome may escape. Influenza and other viruses cause the virion envelope to fuse with the endosomal membrane, allowing the viral genome to be released
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