The Varied-Integrative-Progressive (VIP) Model for Anatomy Instruction in Physical Therapist Education

Abstract

Background and Purpose. When Chapman University converted from its Master of Physical Therapy (MPT) degree to a Doctor of Physical Therapy curriculum, the faculty evaluated the components of the MPT anatomy courses, examined the relevant standards and recommendations for physical therapist education, reviewed the published literature on anatomy instruction, consulted with other experts in the field, and solicited input from students and graduates to develop our current model for anatomy instruction, the Varied-Integrative-Progressive (VIP) model. The article reviews the literature pertaining to anatomy instruction, describes the VIP model, and presents outcome data pertaining to the model. Method/Model Description and Evaluation. The VIP model for teaching anatomy content is an example of evidencebased pedagogy that is based upon findings in the published literature; expert opinion; and student outcomes, perceptions, and preferences. This model draws upon a variety of teaching approaches: The content is integrated throughout the curriculum both horizontally and vertically, and the complexity of learning progresses within semesters and across the curriculum. As a result, students are able to learn clinical anatomy and develop their abilities to become self-directed, lifelong learners. We evaluated student perspectives of the VIP model through anonymous surveys. In addition, we examine licensure examination performance and other learning outcomes and cost comparisons. Outcomes. Of the components of the multimodal VIP model, students rated most highly the use of human cadavers, particularly performing dissection and carrying out individual capstone projects. Students also greatly value the integration of clinical applications and crosscurricular content and the incorporation of surface/living anatomy exercises into the coursework. Discussion and Conclusion. The VIP model is an evidence-based, multimodal, progressive model for anatomy instruction that emphasizes clinical applications and includes a 2-course series with human cadaveric prosections and dissection. The dissection course is taught between fulltime internships to optimize clinical relevance and reinforce learning.