Abstract
The vacuum structure of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) is studied, with emphasis on massless QCD. An interacting gas of instantons is replaced by an ideal gas of effective instantons, which incorporate effects of new tunnelings. The existence of a critical value θc in the θ-vacua is shown. Chirally asymmetric vacua of massless QCD require two-parameter dependence, which allows dynamical quark mass generation. Chiral U(N)⊗U(N) symmetry is realized in the Goldstone mode at |θ| = θc. The U(1) Goldstone boson becomes massive for θ, |θ|≪θc.
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