Abstract
Numerous studies have shown that there is a positive correlation between the increase of urban built-up areas with elevated Surface Urban Heat Island (UHI) temperature. It can be considered that SUHI is a by-product of urbanisation. The study found that SUHI in Makassar City is seasonal dependent. High surface temperature tends to occur in the dry season within the urban centre, expanding to the South-Eastern. Furthermore, by combining land surface temperature and Local Climate Zone (LCZ) classification scheme, 16 out of 17 local climate zones were identified, excluding LCZ 7 (light built) within the observation year. In detailed, the combination of LCZ 3 class (compact low rise) and LCZ 10 class (industrial), occupied more than 80 % of the total built-up category with a surface temperature range of 11° C and 16° C respectively. Furthermore, the result indicates a homogenous surface temperature within LCZ 3 with a lower SD of 1.40° C compared to LCZ 10 of 1.95° C. Also, the study explored the correlation of various urban and non-urban indices using artificial neural network. Based on the model used, the indices showed poor correlation with LCZ 3 but adversely correlates to LCZ 10. A final loss value of 0.222 in LCZ 10 was obtained. In contrast, LCZ 3 resulted in high final loss value of 146.554. The result indicated that there are other variables which should be considered in exploring SUHI correlation within LCZ 3 (compact low rise) in Makassar City. In contrast, LCZ 10 (industrial) correlate positively with three urban indices, consisting of NDBI (43.94), BI (37.79), and NDBal (34.77). In brief, the result indicated that SUHI phenomenon in LCZ 3 was poorly represented by the model, whereas the level of city development can be predicted better using LCZ 10 (industrial) areas.
Highlights
Cities worldwide face serious challenges reducing urban residents' vulnerability and various adverse effects of climate change [1]
The results show that Land Surface Temperature (LST) in the dry season (September 2018 and September 2019) were relatively higher compared to the LST measurement in the rainy season (March 2017 and April 2020)
On the other hand, based on the Local Climate Zones (LCZs) classification result, 16 out of 17 classes were identified in Makassar City
Summary
Cities worldwide face serious challenges reducing urban residents' vulnerability and various adverse effects of climate change [1]. One adverse effect of climate change in urban areas is Urban Heat Island (UHI). Urban heat island is known to influence vegetation phenology and more generally, biodiversity [5]. Urban heat island is specific to each city. That cities generate local climatic conditions distinguishable from their surrounding environment and criticized the traditional classification of urban heat island of urban-rural distinction. Betchel added that urban heat island could be categorized within intra-urban areas or between different cities regardless of its geographical position or size [6]. The task is considered difficult and considering that urban heat island phenomena are continuously changing in parallel to the city's
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