The utilization of chicken bones as heterogeneous catalyst (CaO) in the production of fatty acid ethyl ester from crude palm oil by using ethanol as solvent

An experimental investigation has been carried out to produce bio-diesel from Vegetable oil (Soybean oil) with ethanol using three different catalysts (egg shell, NaOH and KOH) through transesterification reaction. Though, recently, heterogenous catalyst is being considered to be a cheaper alternative to homogenous catalyst, homogenous catalysts are currently mostly used to produce biodiesel. Heterogenous transesterification is considered to be a green and cheaper process but it generally requires more severe operating conditions and performance of heterogenous catalysts is generally lower than that of the commonly used homogenous catalysts. This study seeks to address this problem by studying the production of biodiesel using eggshell as heterogenous catalyst. Fatty acid ethyl ester was produced by transesterification of Vegetable oil and ethanol using calcined eggshell as a heterogenous catalyst and NaOH as well as KOH as homogenous catalysts. To optimize the process, some important variables such as reaction temperature, molar ratio of ethanol to oil and mass weight of catalyst were selected and studied. At the following conditions: 338K of reaction temperature, ethanol to soybean oil ratio of 9:1 and 1 mass wt.% of catalyst, an optimum fatty acid ethyl ester yield of 92% was obtained, indicating that eggshell have the potential of being used as a heterogenous catalyst for the production of fatty acid ethyl ester from Vegetable oil. Based on the experimental result it was found that the values of density, higher heating value and kinematic viscosity of produced biodiesels were more or less consistence with the ASTM standard biodiesel. Calorific values of biodiesels were lower than that of the diesel fuel. Densities of the biodiesels were found to be higher than that of the petroleum diesel. The flash points of the biodiesels had lower value than that of the ASTM standard biodiesel and petroleum diesel.

Methyl Ester (methyl ester) is generally made by trans esterification using heterogeneous base catalyst. To simplify the separation, the heterogeneous catalyst is used, such as CaO, which in this case was isolated from chicken bones made by softening chicken bones and do calcination process. Some other important variables other than the selection of the catalyst is the catalyst dosage, molar ratio of ethanol to the CPO and the reaction temperature. The best result from this observe is at the molar ratio of ethanol to the CPO is 17: 1, the reaction temperature is 70 ° C and 7% catalyst (w.t) with reaction time for 7 hours at 500 rpm as a constant variable, got 90,052 % purity, so that this result does not get the standard requirements of biodiesel, because of the purity of the biodiesel standard temporary must be achieve > 96.5 %. This study aims to produce methyl ester yield with the influence of the reaction temperature, percent of catalyst and molar ratio of ethanol and CPO. The most influential variable is the temperature of the reaction that gives a significant yield difference of methyl ester produced. It’s been proven by the increasing temperature used will also significantly increase the yield of methyl ester.

The selective hydrogenation of alkynes to their corresponding alkenes is an important type of organic transformation, which is currently accomplished by modified palladium catalysts. Herein, we rep...

The activities of sulfated iron-tin mixed oxide catalysts for esterification of free fatty acids in crude palm oil were investigated. The iron-tin mixed oxides were prepared from co-precipitation method when the iron content was fixed at 10 mol%. Types of iron precursor, sulfate concentration and calcination temperature were varied. The optimum study in the esterification reaction variables (stirring speed, reaction time, catalyst loading, methanol/oil molar ratio and reaction temperature) was also conducted with the best sulfated iron-tin mixed oxide catalyst. The findings show that iron sulfate is the best precursor. The activities of sulfated iron-tin mixed oxide catalysts increase with sulfate concentration. The optimum calcination temperature to prepare sulfated iron-tin mixed oxides is 450°C. The addition of iron oxide into sulfated tin oxide improves the stability of the catalyst during the reusability process. Therefore, sulfated iron-tin mixed oxide is a better candidate than sulfated tin oxide for esterification of free fatty acids. For the esterification study, the optimum reaction conditions are: the stirring speed of 250 rpm, the catalyst loading of 4.5 wt% of the oil, the methanol/oil molar ratio of 14.2, the reaction temperature of 80°C and the reaction time of 3 h.

Liquid fuel synthesis via CO2 hydrogenation by coupling homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis

In this study, fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) were produced from four different vegetable oils (sunflower, cotton seed, olive oil, and used frying oil) using calcium ethoxide as a heterogeneous solid base catalyst. The ester preparation involved a two-step transesterification reaction, followed by purification. The effects of the mass ratio of catalyst to oil, the molar ratio of ethanol to oil, and the reaction temperature were studied on conversion of sunflower oil to optimize the reaction conditions in both stages. The rest of the vegetable oils were converted to ethyl esters under optimum reaction parameters. The optimal conditions for first stage transterification were an ethanol/oil molar ratio of 12:1, catalyst amount (3.5%), and 80°C temperature, whereas the maximum yield of ethyl esters reached 80.5%. In the second stage, the yield of ethyl esters showed signs of improvement of 16% in relation with the one-stage transesterification, which was obtained under the following optimal conditions: catalyst concentration 0.75% and ethanol/oil molar ratio 6:1. Property analysis of prepared ethyl ester samples was done, in order to examine their quality parameters. The results obtained showed that the density, viscosity, and calorific value of the produced ethyl esters had values close to those of a no. 2 diesel. On the contrary, the cold filter plugging points were higher than the conventional diesel fuel.

Synthesis of biodiesel from pongamia oil using heterogeneous ion-exchange resin catalyst

Homogeneous base catalyst has wide acceptability in biodiesel production because of their fast reaction rates. However, postproduction costs incurred from aqueous quenching, wastewater and loss of catalysts led to the search for alternatives. Heterogeneous base catalyst is developed to cater these problems. The advantages of heterogeneous catalyst are their high basicity and non-toxicity. This work compared the production of biodiesel using two different kind of catalysts that is homogeneous catalyst (sodium hydroxide, NaOH and potassium hydroxide, KOH) and heterogeneous catalysts (calcium, oxide, CaO catalyst derived from chicken and ostrich eggshells). Transesterification of waste cooking oil (WCO) and methanol in the presence of heterogeneous base catalyst was conducted at an optimal reaction condition (calcination temperature for catalyst: 1000 °C; catalyst loading amount: 1.5 wt%; methanol/oil molar ratio: 10:1; reaction temperature: 65 °C; reaction time: 2 hours) with 97% biodiesel yield was obtained. While, the homogeneous base catalyst gave higher biodiesel yield of 98% at optimum operating condition (catalyst concentration: 0.75 wt%; methanol/oil molar ratio: 6:1; reaction temperature: 65 °C; reaction time: 1 hours). The slight difference in the biodiesel yield was due to the stronger basic strength in the homogeneous catalyst and were not statistically not different (p=0.05). However, despite these advances, the ultimate aim of producing biodiesel at affordable low cost and minimal-environmental-impact is yet to be realized.

Diversity of palm oil product in Indonesia is still limited, therefore it is needed to take an advantage of the development of downstream product of crude palm oil by esterification reaction. Esterification reaction is a reaction between carboxylic acid and alcohol to form ester. One of the emerging downstream product fatty acid alkyl ester is plasticizer. Plasticizer is an additive compound added to polymer to improve flexibility and workability. The purpose of this research was conducted to study the effect of reaction time and mole ratio and identify product of plasticizers isopropyl linoleic. In this research, plasticizer was synthesized by esterification of linoleic acid and isopropanol, using activated natural zeolite catalyst. The process was done with a variation of reaction time (4, 6, and 8 hours) and mole ratio (1: 6, 1: 9, and 1:12), with reaction temperature at 80 °C, stirring speed at 200 rpm and 15% of composition of linoleic acid based catalyst as fixed variables. From the analysis of the results showed that the esterification reaction time and mole ratio affect the product conversion. The best operating condition obtained in this research was 4 hours of reaction time and 1:12 of mole ratio which resulted the conversion of reaction was 67.09%. Characteristics of plasticizer produced from this research were viscosity (at 20 °C) 2.405 to 2.803 mPa.s and Specific Gravity (at 20 °C) from 0.863 to 0.872.

Biodiesel is one type of renewable alternative energy that has great potential to be developed. Biodiesel is a fuel consisting of a mixture of mono-alkyl esters of long-chain fatty acids made from renewable sources, such as vegetable oils or animal fats, one of which is Crude Palm Oil (CPO). Crude Palm Oil (CPO) contains free fatty acids in high levels, so treatment is needed to reduce free fatty acids by a reaction known as the esterification reaction. Then, the transesterification process is carried out to produce biodiesel (methyl ester). The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of catalyst mass, a mole ratio of CPO to moles of methanol and the effect of adding THF co-solvent to biodiesel purity. The catalyst used is a heterogeneous catalyst from kapok fruit peel waste. Kapok fruit rind was calcined at 700˚C for 8 hours. The independent variable varied the mole ratio of oil to methanol in a 1:4 ratio; 1:6; 1:8; and 1:10 with a catalyst weight variation of 3 and 4%. Meanwhile, for the addition of co-solvent, variations of THF: methanol v/v 1:1 and 2:1, were carried out. The biodiesel properties such as density, viscosity, water content and acid number, were evaluated and compared with the Indonesian National Standard. The results showed that the transesterification reaction with the addition of co-solvent resulted in a higher methyl ester content than that without the addition of co-solvent. The highest yield of methyl ester without the addition of co-solvent was 79.16%, while the yield of the methyl ester with the addition of THF co-solvent with a ratio of 1:1 and 2:1 v/v to methanol was 90.09 and 94.09%, respectively. The highest methyl ester content (94.09%) was achieved by the addition of THF: methanol = 2:1, CPO: methanol molar ratio = 1:6 and 4%-wt catalyst weight. The results obtained in this study indicate that a green catalyst made from kapok skin can be used to produce biodiesel and also the addition of co-solvent can increase the yield of methyl esters, so that high purity is obtained.

Production of ethyl ester from crude palm oil by two-step reaction with a microwave system

Transesterification of castor oil to biodiesel using NaY zeolite-supported La2O3 catalysts

Ti-incorporated SBA-15 mesoporous silica as an efficient and robust Lewis solid acid catalyst for the production of high-quality biodiesel fuels

This study aimed to synthesize biodiesel from CPO using heterogeneous K-CaO catalyst from blood cockle (anadara granosa) shells. The catalyst was synthesized by sol gel method with variation calcination temperatures of 700, 800 and 900°C. The catalyst was characterized using X Rays Diffraction (XRD) and X-Ray fluorescence (XRF). The XRD results showed the presence of mineral lime, portlandite and calcite. Based on the XRF results that K-CaO heterogeneous catalyst contained 96,538% of calcium oxide (CaO). Biodiesel was synthesized by transesterification reaction with variations in time conditions (1, 2, 3 and 4 hours) and reaction temperature (50, 55, 60 and 65°C). The maximum biodiesel yield of transesterification reaction using heterogeneous K-CaO catalyst from blood cockle shell (anadara granosa) was 92,648% using catalyst calcination at a temperature of 700 °C and the optimum reaction time was 2 hours using 3% (w/w) catalyst, mol ratio of oil: methanol 1:6, stirring speed of 500 rpm and reaction temperature of 60 °C.

The “macaúba” (Acrocomia aculeata) is a Brazilian palm tree that represents a promising alternative for the production of biodiesel. The kernel and the almond of the fruits are rich in oil. Its oil has interesting physicochemical characteristics for the production of biodiesel. It consists mainly of triacylglycerols and small amounts of mono and diacylglycerols, and it has a high content of unsaturated fatty acids, mainly oleic acid. However, it has a high content of free fatty acids which prevents reactions with basic catalysis for biodiesel production. The use of solid catalysts to improve the biodiesel production processes is considered as a promising alternative in this case. In addition, the solid catalysts have the highest reaction rate when compared to acid catalysts. The aim of this study was to obtain ethyl esters of crude oil from A. aculeate withhigh acid value (45.3 mg KOH g-1), using heterogeneous catalyst, with low reaction temperature. Thereactions were done in an under-pressurized Parr 4843 reactor. For the reaction, the factorial design is 2 elevated to 2 and response surface methodology was used. The variables studied were: temperature (T), molar ratio (MR) (ethanol:oil) and catalyst Amberlyst 15 (C, wt%). The response was obtained into yield (%) of ethyl esters and conversion (%) of free fatty acid, which were quantified by gas chromatography (GC). The response surface indicated the reaction at temperature 80-100 °C, molar ratio ethanol:oil 9.0:1 and catalyst 9- 11 wt% presented an yield in 32.8% of fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) and 72.0% of conversion, with 48.8 of selectivity index. The Amberlyst 15 catalyst showed little selectivity for yield in terms of FAEE, but a greater conversion of free fatty acids (FFAs) to the respective ethyl esters occurred. The surface response graph indicated that the reaction medium at temperature 60-70 °C, ethanol:oil 8.0:1-9.0:1 and catalyst 2-4% wt provided 83.8% of FFA conversion. This result is expected for oils with high FFA content, since conversion occurs at lower temperatures, while good yields occur at elevated temperatures.