The U-shaped association between remnant cholesterol and risk of all-cause and cardiovascular deaths in diabetic adults: findings from NHANES 1999-2018

Abstract

Background and aimsWe aimed to explore the association between remnant cholesterol (RC) level and risks of all-cause and cardiovascular deaths among American diabetic adults. Methods and resultsThe data of 4,095 diabetic participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999-2018) was included for analysis. Deaths were ascertained till December 31, 2019. RC level associated with death was assessed on a continuous scale with restricted cubic splines and by pre-defined quartile groups with Cox regression analysis. After a median follow-up of 6.9 years, 1,060 all-cause and 289 cardiovascular deaths occurred. Association between RC and death was U-shaped, and RC level correlated with the lowest risks of both all-cause and cardiovascular deaths was 0.85 mmol/L. After adjusting for confounders, compared with Quartile 3 (0.66-0.93 mmol/L), hazard ratios for all-cause deaths were 1.43 (95%CI 1.18-1.72, P=0.0002) in Quartile 1 (≤0.47 mmol/L), 1.20 (95%CI 1.00-1.44, P=0.05) in Quartile 2 (0.47-0.66 mmol/L), and 1.25 (95%CI 1.05-1.49, P=0.02) in Quartile 4 (>0.93 mmol/L). Higher risk was also observed for cardiovascular deaths in Quartile 1 (HR 1.66, 95%CI 1.15-2.41, P=0.007), Quartile 2 (HR 1.39, 95%CI 0.97-2.00, P=0.08), and Quartile 4 (HR 1.54, 95% CI 1.08-2.19, P=0.02), as compared with Quartile 3. ConclusionIn US adults with diabetes, low and high levels of RC were associated with increased risks of all-cause and cardiovascular deaths, and the lowest risk was observed at RC level of 0.85 mmol/L. These findings suggested that maintaining appropriate RC level may help reduce risk of death in diabetic patients.