Abstract
Straw mulch cover is one of the most important soil erosion control measures applied to reduce runoff and soil loss in cultivated areas. However, in developing countries such as Iran, without a clear tradition or knowledge about soil erosion control measures, the use of straw mulch is rare, and its impact in the most extended crops is not well understood. We investigated the separate and combined effects of colza (Brassica napus L.) and corn (Zea mays L.), to mitigate the activation of soil loss and runoff in sandy-loam soils, under different antecedent soil moisture conditions, in a rainfed plot in Northern Iran. Under laboratory conditions, we used a rainfall simulator device. The experiments were performed by using a rainfall intensity of 50 mm h−1, with a duration of 10 min and an inclination of 30%, with three replications. These conditions were used to evaluate the soils under extreme meteorological and topographical conditions. Two types of straw mulch, colza and corn, separated and combined with three different cover levels (25, 50 and 75%) and four distinct antecedent soil moisture conditions (0, 15, 20 and 30%), were used. The results showed that the applied straw mulches had significant effects on the reduction of soil loss and sediment concentration, by almost 99%. The maximum reduction of soil loss and sediment concentration was observed for the treatments with 0% moisture and 75% of corn, colza + corn and colza, with a reduction of 93.8, 92.2 and 84.9% for soil loss, respectively, and 91.1, 85.7 and, 60.7% for sediment concentration, respectively. The maximum reduction of runoff was also obtained with 0% soil moisture and a cover of 75%, reducing 62.5, 48.5 and 34.8% for colza, colza + corn and corn, respectively. The corn straw mulch showed the highest effectivity on reducing soil loss and sediment concentration toward colza treatment. But the colza straw mulch showed the best results on reducing runoff toward corn treatment. We conclude that the application of straw mulch is affordable and useful in reducing soil loss and runoff, instead of bare soils.
Highlights
Nowadays, soil erosion by water is considered one of the major threats to soil resources worldwide [1,2]
The results showed that the soil loss and sediment concentration increased when soil moisture increased, being less the positive effect of straw mulches (Table 1, Figures 5 and 7)
The results revealed that the various soil moistures showed a significant effect on changing soil loss and sediment concentration, at a level of
Summary
Soil erosion by water is considered one of the major threats to soil resources worldwide [1,2]. Soil erosion in agricultural areas is a complex and, on several occasions, gradual process. The measurement of soil and water losses is one of the most important steps to develop successful soil-conservation practices and efficient land-management practices after drastic land-use changes [11,12]. Several methods are being used to assess soil erosion and develop control measures in agricultural fields. The small and portable rainfall simulators are considered to be useful instruments for the measurement of the initial process and activation, which can help to prevent and foresee soil and water responses at the pedon scale to be extrapolated for larger areas [13,14,15,16]
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