Abstract
It is widely recognised that with the progression of Parkinson's disease, oral treatments that are used in the management of symptom control may become less effective. This can be due to a number of reasons, but a dysfunctional gastrointestinal tract is increasingly thought to play a major role. Features including severe motor and/or non-motor fluctuations may be due to issues related to gastrointestinal dysfunction, including delayed gastric emptying and reduced absorption of oral medication. The Parkinson's specialist will therefore need to consider alternative treatment approaches that could be beneficial for the person living with Parkinson's disease. This article will provide an overview of treatment approaches that do not rely on the gastrointestinal system, and these are referred to as non-oral therapies.
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