Abstract
Flood occurrence is increasing due to escalated urbanization and extreme climate change; hence, various studies on this issue and methods of flood monitoring and mapping are also increasing to reduce the severe impacts of flood disasters. The advancement of current technologies such as light detection and ranging (LiDAR) systems facilitated and improved flood applications. In a LiDAR system, a laser emits light that travels to the ground and reflects off objects like buildings and trees. The reflected light energy returns to the sensor, whereby the time interval is recorded. Since the conventional methods cannot produce high-resolution digital elevation model (DEM) data, which results in low accuracy of flood simulation results, LiDAR data are extensively used as an alternative. This review aims to study the potential and the applications of LiDAR-derived DEM in flood studies. It also provides insight into the operating principles of different LiDAR systems, system components, and advantages and disadvantages of each system. This paper discusses several topics relevant to flood studies from a LiDAR-derived DEM perspective. Furthermore, the challenges and future perspectives regarding DEM LiDAR data for flood mapping and assessment are also reviewed. This study demonstrates that LiDAR-derived data are useful in flood risk management, especially in the future assessment of flood-related problems.
Highlights
Floods are a major severe natural catastrophe experienced in many countries around the world including Malaysia
The performance of flood modeling is highly dependent on the digital elevation model (DEM) accuracy [10], especially in small-scale flood modeling studies
Flood model simulation results show differences in water depth and inundation when using detailed DEMs, proving that DEM accuracy has a significant impact on flood hazard estimation [21,41]
Summary
Floods are a major severe natural catastrophe experienced in many countries around the world including Malaysia. Accurate and high-resolution DEM data are needed to produce reliable flood mapping, especially in the context of flood simulation modeling. The authors emphasized that the flood modeling results are majorly dependent on the DEM accuracy, whereby a LiDAR-derived DEM has the least root-mean-square error (RMSE) in terms of elevation accuracy and estimated flood inundation. Ozdemir et al [19] investigated the impact of using different high-resolution terrestrial LiDAR data on water depth, inundation extent, arrival time, and velocity predicted by the flood simulations. The previous studies confirmed that accurate terrain data have a big impact on flood hazard prediction and that the inundation area evaluation increases with coarser DEMs. a finer model resolution is necessary if the decision-maker is interested in local-scale inundation predictions [23]. This paper reviews the challenges and future directions of the technology when using LiDAR data for flood modeling
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