Abstract
Changes in biological markers (biomarkers), at the molecular, cellular, physiological, or behavioral levels, can provide evidence of exposure to the toxic effect of chemical pollution and radiation. Although biomarkers have been successfully used in laboratory and field-based exposures for decades, their incorporation into regulatory legislation for environmental risk assessment (ERA) has generally been lacking. The aim of this chapter is to show how biomarkers can be used as simple, rapid techniques to aid in an integrated approach to environmental management and risk assessment, as highlighted in a case study using the aquatic lugworm Arenicola marina as a test species.
Published Version
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