Abstract
Qualitative and quantitative hormone analyses have been essential for understanding the metabolic, physiological, and morphological processes that are influenced by plant hormones. Auxins are key hormones in the control of many aspects of plant growth and development and their endogenous levels are considered critical in the process of adventitious root induction. Exogenous auxins are used extensively in the clonal propagation of tree species by cuttings or tissue culture. Understanding of auxin effects has advanced with the development of increasingly accurate methods for auxin quantification. However, auxin analysis has been challenging because auxins typically occur at low concentrations, while compounds that interfere with their detection often occur at high concentrations, in plant tissues. Interference from other compounds has been addressed by extensive purification of plant extracts prior to auxin analysis, although this means that quantification methods have been limited by their expense. This review explores the extraction, purification, and quantification of auxins and the application of these techniques in developing improved methods for the clonal propagation of forestry trees.
Highlights
Plant hormones regulate all stages of growth and development from embryogenesis to senescence [1,2]
More-accurate and more-precise information on plant hormone concentrations was long considered a requirement for clearly establishing the connections between auxins and their physiological effects [12,13]
The first endogenous auxin quantification was performed by simple bioassays in the early 20th century [5,12,54]
Summary
Plant hormones regulate all stages of growth and development from embryogenesis to senescence [1,2]. More-accurate and more-precise information on plant hormone concentrations was long considered a requirement for clearly establishing the connections between auxins and their physiological effects [12,13]. This requirement was met with the development of instrumental techniques that provided definitive auxin identification and accurate quantification. The endogenous production of auxins in apical meristems is not always adequate to induce adventitious roots in stem tissues [32]. In particular indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), are commonly used to induce adventitious rooting during clonal propagation from cuttings or tissue cultured shoots [33,34,35,36]. This paper reviews techniques for identifying and quantifying auxins with an emphasis on forest tree species, and it compares the advantages, limitations, and applications of these techniques for improving forestry tree production
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