Abstract
In this paper, the Harmony Search (HS) algorithm is utilized to perform single and multivariate parametric studies to acquire the optimization of both size and cost of reinforced concrete (RC) retaining walls embedded in pure frictional soils. The geotechnical properties of the backfill and foundation soil such as shear strength angle, unit weight, and the ultimate bearing pressure of the soil have been used to create different cases for evaluating the effects of site properties on the size and cost of the wall. The change of depth of excavation and surcharge loading condition is fictionalized for generating different environmental conditions for all envisaged soil profiles to predict possible rates of influences. The unit cost of the concrete has also been evaluated as a variant to show the economic constraints on the selection of structural materials. The results of the analyses represent the integrated influences of different significant parameters on the achievement of minimum cost-dimension optimization. Besides, a well-known commercial geotechnical engineering software is used to compare the appropriateness of the suggested designs in terms of both the attainment of geotechnical stability and the structural requirements. Consequently, this study can guide both researchers and designers to select the proper and optimal sections of RC-retaining wall systems with simultaneous analyses of parameters that are influenced by the design process. Furthermore, the optimization results indicate that a significant cost reduction may be achieved when compared with the traditional pre-design method.
Highlights
Reinforced concrete (RC) cantilever retaining walls are frequently used as vertical structural elements constructed to resist the lateral earth pressure by providing stability conditions
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Results of the optimization analysis are compared by interpretations and logic against the traditional pre-design method and a practical software
Summary
Reinforced concrete (RC) cantilever retaining walls are frequently used as vertical structural elements constructed to resist the lateral earth pressure by providing stability conditions. The geotechnical design process of RC cantilever retaining walls involves stability requirements against the possibility of sliding, bearing capacity, and overturning. Under the above-mentioned stability purposes, the sections of the RC cantilever retaining walls have to acquire adequate shear and moment capacities, the ultimate bearing pressure of the foundation soil does not allow the tensile stress, and the steel reinforcement used must satisfy the relevant code requirements for ensuring structural safety. Methods for obtaining cost and sizing equilibrium of reinforced concrete retaining walls have been the main objective of many studies over the years and continue to be relevant due to the developments in information and computer technologies. The mentioned design constants and variables are used to calculate the design equations and the result of the objective function can be acquired The outcomes of this solution are kept in the harmony vector. Dtoepbeenthdeinsgtoopnptihneg mcreitnetriioonneidnctlheiasrsatupdpylicaaltthioonugphrotcheesrseaanrde vthaeriosuucscweeadyisn.gDaepppelnicdaitnigononexthame mpleenstiinontehde cllietearraatuprpelisctautidoinesp[r5o3c–e5s7s]a,nthdethHeSsuaclgceoerditihnmg hapaps lbiceaetniocnheoxsaemn ptolebseinutsheedliintetrhatius rsetusdtuydaiessa[n53e–f5fe7c]t,itvheemHeSthalogdoraimthomnghams ebteaehnecuhroissteicnatolgbeoruitshemd sin. this study as an effective method among metaheuristic algorithms
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