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Abstract
The modeling of the urban microclimate, in particular the phenomenon of the Urban Heat Island (UHI), is becoming increasingly essential for city planning and urban design. The phenomenon analysis is henceforth possible thanks to the increase in computational power, the link between simulation tools and urban databases, which allow to represent explicitly the characteristics of the urban microclimate and to better understand its effects, through the analysis and evaluation of the different impacts of the urban climatic or anthropogenic contributors (urban morphology, land use, building sites, albedo, …). However, the choice of the scaleof the study depends on a balance between the precision of the modeling, the capacities of calculation and the availability and reliability of the data.The UHI phenomenon has been the subject of several research studies in the European countries since the 2000s. Thispaper focuses mainly on the description of the phenomenon, the different methodsused to evaluate and modeled its impacts, using some approaches for mitigating these ones.The contribution aims to highlight the phenomenon of the UHI based on a bibliographic study of the latest research on this topic in Maghreb cities.The state of art focuses on the progress made during the last 15 years taking into account the UHI in the different strategies for adapting cities to climate change and for improving their resilience.
Highlights
The build environment is place of radiative, thermal, dynamic and hydric processes which modify the climate of the city
The evaluation of the maximum amplitude of the empirical as the case of the large North American and European agglomerations [1] or with the models based on the energy balances surface or volume.It is very difficult to compare Urban Heat Island (UHI) studies because of the multiplicity of used methodologies, the simplistic historical vision of the single city center and the clear delimitation of urban space
Numerous studies show that city centers that concentrate large quantities of buildings, economic activities and leave less space for vegetation and stretch of water are more affected by the UHI impacts [13]
Summary
The build environment is place of radiative, thermal, dynamic and hydric processes which modify the climate of the city. The controlof the energy consumptions of cities, characterization and quantification of the Urban Heat Island (UHI) impact, the study of the internal and external thermal comfort of the space urban users, are widely boundto the development of the knowledgeon the interactions between the city, the climate and the energy. The evaluation of the maximum amplitude of the empirical as the case of the large North American and European agglomerations [1] or with the models based on the energy balances surface or volume.It is very difficult to compare UHI studies because of the multiplicity of used methodologies, the simplistic historical vision of the single city center and the clear delimitation of urban space. The present proposed overview cannot be exhaustive It provides an illuminating insight into the state of the issue and the progress made in recent years about the scientific knowledge of this phenomenon. This research carried out the approaches to study the UHI, and some expected results of these studies, in the Maghreb countries, notably in Morocco
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