Abstract

If there is one thing that the past three decades of research in behavioural and evolutionary ecology have taught us, it is that there are no free lunches. Adaptive traits provide net fitness benefits to the animals bearing them, but the gains would be even greater if there were no concurrent costs associated with the expression of those traits. The ability of many parasites to enhance their transmission success by manipulating t 2 r a n m m T c e p I c F

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