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Abstract
Slow lorises are enigmatic animal that represent the only venomous primate lineage. Their defensive secretions have received little attention. In this study we determined the full length sequence of the protein secreted by their unique brachial glands. The full length sequences displayed homology to the main allergenic protein present in cat dander. We thus compared the molecular features of the slow loris brachial gland protein and the cat dander allergen protein, showing remarkable similarities between them. Thus we postulate that allergenic proteins play a role in the slow loris defensive arsenal. These results shed light on these neglected, novel animals.
Highlights
The origin and evolution of animal defensive and predatory toxins has been the subject of intense research [1], but that of mammals, possibly because of its infrequent occurrence, has been somewhat neglected
Fel d1 belongs to the secretoglobulin family, Fel d2 is a serumalbumin, Fel d3 a cystatin, Fel d4 and 7 are lipocalins, Fel d5 and 6 are Ig antibodies of type A and M, respectively
The position homologous to G131 of F. catus dander allergen Fel d1 is in the N. javanicus brachial secretion protein occupied by D123
Summary
The origin and evolution of animal defensive and predatory toxins has been the subject of intense research [1], but that of mammals, possibly because of its infrequent occurrence, has been somewhat neglected. Healing time may reach several months [13] Despite this interest in the field, the nature of the secretions produced by the brachial glands of slow lorises has been studied only to a limited detail from captive animals. The limited sequence information is insufficient to reconstruct the molecular evolutionary history of the slow loris brachial gland secreted proteins and their relationship to F. catus dander allergen Fel d1 and other proteins within the broader allergen family. We discuss our findings in the light of available information from the cat F. catus dander allergens possibly leading to insights on the molecular evolution of mammalian allergens and gaining a greater understanding how to treat humans when envenomated by slow lorises
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