The temperature dependence of the effective refractive index of TE1 and TM1 modes in optical sol–gel waveguides over a wide temperature range

Abstract

We obtain the temperature dependences of the effective refractive index on the parameters of the sol–gel film. We found and explain the differences in the temperature characteristics of the sol–gel waveguides for the transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) modes. We consider the features of these dependencies and make physical interpretations of them under high-temperature conditions.