The synthesis and reaction of a specific affinity label for the hydrophobic drug-binding domains of calmodulin.

Abstract

An affinity-labeling reagent for the two hydrophobic drug-binding domains of calmodulin has been prepared and its reaction with calmodulin characterized. The reagent, 10-(3-propionyloxysuccinimide)-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenothiazine, was shown to be very specific labeling reagent for these domains. Its specificity was demonstrated by the following observations. 1) Previous reports have shown that Ca2+ is required for phenothiazine binding to calmodulin, and here we show that the affinity-labeling reagent reacts with and inactivates calmodulin in the presence of Ca2+, but not in its absence. 2) Inclusion of trifluoperazine, fluphenazine, W-7, or 10-(3-aminopropyl)-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenothiazine in the reaction mixture protected calmodulin from inactivation by the reagent. 3) Inactivation by the reagent yielded calmodulin that was no longer retained on a phenothiazine-Sepharose column under conditions in which unreacted calmodulin was retained. 4) The measured stoichiometry of the reaction in the presence of excess reagent was 2.1 mol of reagent per mol of calmodulin which agrees well with previous reports of two high-affinity phenothiazine-binding sites on calmodulin. 5) The stoichiometry of the reaction was further confirmed by tryptic peptide maps which show two phenothiazine-labeled peptides unique to the fully reacted protein. 6) The spectral properties of the reagent, while attached to calmodulin, change in the presence of Ca2+ in a manner consistent with the known effects of Ca2+ binding by calmodulin on these hydrophobic domains. The specificity of the reagent makes it useful for further characterization of these hydrophobic binding domains on calmodulin.