The Synergistic Effect of Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles and Phage ZCSE2 as a Novel Approach to Combat Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella enterica.

Abdallah S Abdelsattar,Salsabil Makky,Anan Safwat,Amera Taha,Rana Nofal,Ayman El-Shibiny

doi:10.3390/antibiotics10060678

Abdallah S Abdelsattar, Salsabil Makky + Show 4 more

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https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10060678

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Abstract

The emergence and evolution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is considered a public health concern. Salmonella is one of the most common pathogens that cause high mortality and morbidity rates in humans, animals, and poultry annually. In this work, we developed a combination of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with bacteriophage (phage) as an antimicrobial agent to control microbial growth. The synthesized AgNPs with propolis were characterized by testing their color change from transparent to deep brown by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The phage ZCSE2 was found to be stable when combined with AgNPs. Both minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were evaluated for AgNPs, phage, and their combination. The results indicated that MIC and MBC values were equal to 23 µg/mL against Salmonella bacteria at a concentration of 107 CFU/mL. The combination of 0.4× MIC from AgNPs and phage with Multiplicity of Infection (MOI) 0.1 showed an inhibitory effect. This combination of AgNPs and phage offers a prospect of nanoparticles with significantly enhanced antibacterial properties and therapeutic performance.

Highlights

Salmonella is one of the most common pathogens with transfer occuring from animal feces to food, soil, and water
The AgNPs formation was confirmed by the color change of the transparent AgNO3 solution and propolis extraction into deep brown color after 5 h (Figure 1)
This study provides a novel approach by using a combination of phage and nanoparticles as an alternative to antibiotics to get the maximum synergistic effect to control pathogenic bacteria

Summary

Introduction

Salmonella is one of the most common pathogens with transfer occuring from animal feces to food, soil, and water. It is considered the second most frequently reported pathogen that is associated with zoonosis. As a facultative anaerobic Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, and non-capsulated bacteria, Salmonella belongs to the Enterobacteriaceae family [1]. It is responsible for around 150,000 deaths annually. Due to excessive use of antibiotics in therapeutic and industrial applications, multidrug-resistant (MRD) Salmonella is widely spread and transmitted from animals to humans [3]. Following the spread of antibiotic-resistant strains, alternatives are sought to limit the resulting medical and economic effects

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