Abstract
Black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) is a tropical crop with extensive medicinal potential in ethnomedicine and nutraceutical applications. The essential oil of black pepper finds wide applications in inhabitation of respiratory infections and soothing of muscular pains due to its warming and energizing property. The pungent bioactive piperine is responsible for this function, and therefore, efficient technology is required for an optimal extraction process of this compound. In the present article, we have developed a procedure for extracting black pepper essential oil from Vietnam, optimizing conditions that affect the extraction process. The effect of process parameters, namely material size, preservation method, the concentration of sodium chloride, the concentration of soak time, the ratio of material to water, temperature extraction, time extraction on the extraction yield, and relative efficiency were investigated. Results demonstrated that 20 g of black pepper milled with a mesh size of 160 obtained 0.48 g of essential oil (2.4%) at a raw material to water ratio of 1/21 (g/mL) at 150 °C in a time of 5.2 h. GC-MS (Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry) spectra showed that 3-carene (29.21%), D-limonene (20.94%), caryophyllene (15.05%), and β-pinene (9.77%) were present as major components. These results suggested that the essential oil extracted from Vietnamese black pepper is applicable in the manufacturing processes of insecticides and air deodorizers.
Highlights
Herbs and spices have been extensively used in traditional medicine and are considered an important part of human diets as a colorant, flavorant, and aroma enhancer
The materials used during the study were black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) seeds, which were grown, harvested and processed in Chu Se District, Gia Lai Province (13◦ 490 21” N 108◦ 20 37” E)
Sodium chloride (NaCl, Bach Khoa Ltd., Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam) was dissolved in water and added to the flask containing the material, followed by gentle shaking of the brine/material suspension
Summary
Herbs and spices have been extensively used in traditional medicine and are considered an important part of human diets as a colorant, flavorant, and aroma enhancer. Essential oils (EOs) obtained from the aromatic plants have a wide variety of biological properties and have been used as products for pharmaceuticals, agronomics, food, sanitary products, cosmetics, and perfume and in cosmetics industries [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]. Black pepper (Piper nigrum L.), belonging to the Piperaceae family, is a significant agricultural crop with high commercial, economic, nutritional, health, and medicinal benefits [9,10,11,12]. Black pepper is commonly used as a spice for flavoring foods in oriental countries
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