Abstract
Nine samples of ethanolic extracts of poplar-type propolis (EEP) originated from South-Eastern Poland were analyzed in terms of the diversity of the flora around the apiary. The mineral composition, antioxidant properties, polyphenolic profile (HPTLC), and main polyphenolic constituents (HPLC-DAD) were determined. Only minor differences in chemical composition and antioxidant capacity between tested EEPs were found regardless of their botanical origin. However, the biological activity of the EEPs was more diversified. The tested EEPs showed stronger antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli) compared to Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis). Staphylococci biofilm inhibition occurred as a result of exposure to the action of four out of nine EEPs (P1–P4). Due to the various compositions of individual EEPs, a different MCF-7 cellular response was observed according to inhibition of cells migration and proliferation. Almost every sample inhibited the migration of breast cancer cells at a low concentration (0.04 µg/mL) of propolis. Even at the lowest concentration (0.02 µg/mL), each EEP inhibited the proliferation of MCF-7 cells, however, the level of inhibition varied between samples.
Highlights
Propolis is a natural product collected by honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) from different plant organs, mainly leaves, buds, and exudates
The aim of the study was to characterize for the first-time poplar-type propolis samples originated from South-Eastern Poland in terms of their mineral composition and polyphenolic profile, as well as biological activity measured by antioxidant, antibacterial and anticancer action
In conclusions, poplar-type propolis originated from South-eastern Poland is an abundant source of polyphenols which resulted in its high antioxidant activity
Summary
Propolis (bee glue) is a natural product collected by honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) from different plant organs, mainly leaves, buds, and exudates. The color of propolis varies from dark-brown, yellow, green, to red, depending mainly on its geographical origin and plant sources [1]. According to the plant origin and major constituents, seven types of propolis can be distinguished: Poplar, Birch, Green (alecrim), Red, Clusia, Pacific, and Mediterranean [2]. More frequently two propolis groups were differentiated: one from temperate regions and another from tropical areas, with completely different chemical characteristics [3,4]. The most popular type of propolis in Europe, North America, and the non-tropical regions of Asia is the poplar type
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