The structure of xylem vessels in grapevine (Vitaceae) and a possible passive mechanism for the systemic spread of bacterial disease

Abstract

Xylem-dwelling pathogens become systemic, suggesting that microorganisms move efficiently in the xylem. To better understand xylem pathways and how bacteria move within the xylem, vessel connectivity between stems and leaves of Vitis vinifera cv. Chardonnay and Muscadinia rotundifolia cv. Cowart was studied. Three methods were used: (1) the light-producing bacterium, Yersinia enterocolitica, (Ye) strain GY5232 was loaded into petioles and followed using X-ray film, (2) fluorescent beads were loaded and followed by microscopy, and (3) low-pressure air was pumped into leaves and extruded bubbles from cuts in submerged leaves were followed. Bacteria, beads, and air moved through long and branched xylem vessels from the petiole into the veins in leaves of both varieties. From the stem, bacteria and air traveled into primary and secondary veins of leaves one, two, and three nodes above the loading point of the bacteria or air. Particles and air could move unimpeded through single xylem vessels or multiple vessels (conduits) connected possibly through broken pit membranes from within the stem axis into leaf blades. Bacteria were also able to move long distances within minutes from stem to leaf passively without having to cross pit membranes. Such complex, open xylem conduits have not been well documented before; these findings will help elucidate mechanisms involved in the systemic spread of pathogens.