Abstract
The sting jet (SJ), distinguished from warm and cold conveyor belt jets, has significant impacts on our society and economy through producing damaging surface winds. The purpose of this study is to confirm two scientific hypotheses on the SJ through diagnosing the idealized numerical simulation. It is confirmed that the SJ exists and produces severe surface winds in the simulated extratropical cyclone with explosively deepening and formation of the bent-back front. It is shown that strong winds in the SJ with a speed of about 30 m s-1 are first appeared in a cloud free zone. It is further demonstrated that the SJs are located at the tip of the bent-back front and the cloud head, and to the south/southwest of the surface low center. These features are in good agreement with observations. It is also confirmed that conditional symmetric instability (CSI) exists and is associated with the strengthening of the SJs at and after the mature stage of the simulated extratropical cyclone.
Highlights
The sting jet (SJ) is a mesoscale jet distinct from warm and cold conveyor belt jets
The SJ in an idealized extratropical cyclone has been investigated in this paper
Two scientific issues have been addressed on (1) whether or not the SJs exist and produce severe surface winds in the extratropical cyclone that experiences explosively deepening stages and evolves into formation of bent-back fronts, and (2) whether or not conditional symmetric instability (CSI) exists and plays an important role in development of the SJs in extratropical cyclones. These hypotheses have been tested with the aid of the idealized numerical simulations of the extratropical cyclone
Summary
The sting jet (SJ) is a mesoscale jet distinct from warm and cold conveyor belt jets. [1] revisited the Great Storm in October 1987 over south-east England, and he found that the most damaging surface winds in extratropical cyclones are associated with a bent-back front and cloud head. Several key issues still remain to be resolved, for example, (1) if SJ exists and plays a similar role in other damaging extratroipcal cyclones, and the conceptual model presented in [1] is representative of most storms that deepen explosively and/or undergo frontal fracture; (2) if CSI exists and plays a role in the development of the SJ. To resolve the first issue, the model outputs obtained from idealized numerical simulations have been diagnosed to confirm (a) if the simulated extratropical cyclone experiences an explosively deepening stage, and evolves a life-cycle model of [2], which includes frontal fracture, bent-back front, and warm-core.
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