Abstract
Despite growing interest in Open Access (OA) to scholarly literature, there is an unmet need for large-scale, up-to-date, and reproducible studies assessing the prevalence and characteristics of OA. We address this need using oaDOI, an open online service that determines OA status for 67 million articles. We use three samples, each of 100,000 articles, to investigate OA in three populations: (1) all journal articles assigned a Crossref DOI, (2) recent journal articles indexed in Web of Science, and (3) articles viewed by users of Unpaywall, an open-source browser extension that lets users find OA articles using oaDOI. We estimate that at least 28% of the scholarly literature is OA (19M in total) and that this proportion is growing, driven particularly by growth in Gold and Hybrid. The most recent year analyzed (2015) also has the highest percentage of OA (45%). Because of this growth, and the fact that readers disproportionately access newer articles, we find that Unpaywall users encounter OA quite frequently: 47% of articles they view are OA. Notably, the most common mechanism for OA is not Gold, Green, or Hybrid OA, but rather an under-discussed category we dub Bronze: articles made free-to-read on the publisher website, without an explicit Open license. We also examine the citation impact of OA articles, corroborating the so-called open-access citation advantage: accounting for age and discipline, OA articles receive 18% more citations than average, an effect driven primarily by Green and Hybrid OA. We encourage further research using the free oaDOI service, as a way to inform OA policy and practice.
Highlights
Золотой открытому доступу (ОД): статьи публикуются в журнале открытого доступа (в котором все статьи открыты на сайте журнала)
Despite growing interest in Open Access (OA) to scholarly literature, there is an unmet need for large-scale, up-to-date, and reproducible studies assessing the prevalence and characteristics of OA. We address this need using oaDOI, an open online service that determines OA status for 67 million articles
Each of 100,000 articles, to investigate OA in three populations: (1) all journal articles assigned a Crossref digital object identifiers (DOIs), (2) recent journal articles indexed in Web of Science, and (3) articles viewed by users of Unpaywall, an open-source browser extension that lets users find OA articles using oaDOI
Summary
Какой процент литературы представлен в открытом доступе, проводилась во многих работах, например в [17, 18, 23, 28,29,30,31]. Две последние работы оценивают процент публикаций свободного доступа более чем в 50%, причем одна из них учитывает и ОД в строгом понимании, и публикации, размещенные в научных социальных сетях (ASN). Наиболее полное исследование [17] приводит следующие данные для статей 2011–2013 гг.: 12% статей свободно доступны на сайтах журналов, 6% — в репозиториях и 31% — через другие механизмы, включая ASN. Особенно интересно исследование [17], в котором для поиска и идентификации документов ОД применялось автоматизированное «прочесывание» Интернета; более ранние исследования основывались на ручной проверке DOAJ, сайтов издателей, Google и Google Scholar (хотя было одно исключение — работа [32]). Разработав систему индексирования ОД-контента, они сняли главную озабоченность исследователей ОД, как отмечено в [29]: «Главным вызовом для исследователей... Впоследствии данные были использованы для разработки коммерческой базы данных 1science (http://www.1science.com/oanumbr.html)
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