Abstract
In spite of significant progress, Tuberculosis (TB) remains a severe national health issue in Pakistan. However, very few studies have been done on the spatial-temporal appraisal of tuberculosis in Pakistan. The current research is based on the TB disease dataset obtained from the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics from 2015 to 2019. The study has focused on assessing Spatial epidemiology statistics and spatial autocorrelation to detect the cluster of TB disease incidence rate (IR) for New, Male, Female and total TB patients at the provincial and territorial levels in Pakistan. The spatial epidemiology statistics and spatial autocorrelation have been measured the temporal trends of TB IR as per 100,000 population. The global and local spatial autocorrelation of TB IR has been analyzed by the global Moran's I and Anselin's Local Moran's using GeoDa software and ArcGIS tool. Results show that the IR in Pakistan exhibited a progressive decrease from 2015 to 2018 but showed an unexpected increase in 2019. It is also critically analyzed that the Punjab, Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and Azad Jammu Kashmir provinces and territories (Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) were at high risk with a higher rate of IR. Despite this, the fact is that the global spatial autocorrelation has not been identified across provincial and territorial levels in Pakistan. In the five-year study, datasets have been observed the individual provinces and territories that indicate negative local spatial autocorrelation of Low-high provinces and territories, such as Balochistan and Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT).
Highlights
Tuberculosis (TB) is a life-threatening bacterial infectious disease typically caused by Bacillus Mycobacterium [1]
This study aimed to investigate, first, the temporal trends in TB incidence rate from 2015 to 2019; second, the Global Spatial Autocorrelation and the Local Spatial Autocorrelation of TB Incidence rate (IR) across the provincial and territorial level in Pakistan; third, the global and local spatial autocorrelation in male, female, and overall TB across and distinct provinces and territories of Pakistan.; fourth, the overall trend of TB in male, female, and total TB patients
The study area comprised of 4 provinces (Sindh situated in the southeast, Punjab in the west, Baluchistan in the southwest, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in the North-West), Territories (Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) in the northwestern, and Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT) in north-central) and 2 autonomous territories (Gilgit-Baltistan is attached to Azad Kashmir to the south, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to the west, Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) is attached to Gilgit-Baltistan, Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to the south and west) of Pakistan
Summary
Tuberculosis (TB) is a life-threatening bacterial infectious disease typically caused by Bacillus Mycobacterium [1]. The Mycobacterium belongs to the phylum ”Actinobacteria”. TB classifies into two types active and latent TB. Active TB is symptomatic as well as harmful the contrary latent TB is asymptomatic as well as harmless [2]. There are many symptoms of active TB listed (fatigue, chronic headache, sputum coughing up and sputum with blood, fever, extreme weight loss, night sweat, shortness of breath, swollen glands, and more) [3]. The microbes usually target the lungs, they can affect different parts and organelles of the human body such as bone, brain, spine and internal organs, etc. Mycobacterium TB bacteria attacks the lungs is called pulmonary
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