The Slow Discovery of the Importance of ω3 Essential Fatty Acids in Human Health

Abstract

Although linoleic and linolenic acids have been known to be necessary for normal growth and dermal function since 1930, the ω3 essential fatty acids (EFA) have not received much attention until recently. The two families of acids are metabolized by the same enzymes, making them competitive. Gross deficiencies of ω6 plus ω3 EFA have been observed in humans, induced by attempts at total parenteral nutrition (TPN) with preparations devoid of lipids. Deficiency of ω3 acids has been induced by TPN containing high ω6 and low ω3 fatty acids. In natural human populations, a wide range of ω3 and ω6 proportions have been found, ranging from high ω3 and low ω6 content to low ω3 and high ω6 content, showing inverse correlation between Σω6 and Σω3. In humans with neuropathy or impairment of the immune system, significant deficits of ω3 EFA have been measured.