Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). To date, there have been more than 10 million reported cases, more than 517,000 deaths in 215 countries, areas or territories. There is no effective antiviral medicine to prevent or treat COVID-19. Natural products and traditional medicine products with known safety profiles are a promising source for the discovery of new drug leads. There is increasing number of publications reporting the effect of natural products and traditional medicine products on COVID-19. In our review, we provide an overview of natural products and their derivatives or mimics, as well as traditional medicine products, which were reported to exhibit potential to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro, and to manage COVID-19 in vivo, or in clinical reports or trials. These natural products and traditional medicine products are categorized in several classes: (1) anti-malaria drugs including chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, (2) antivirals including nucleoside analogs (remdesivir, favipiravir, β-D-N4-hydroxycytidine, ribavirin and among others), lopinavir/ritonavir and arbidol, (3) antibiotics including azithromycin, ivermectin and teicoplanin, (4) anti-protozoal drug, emetine, anti-cancer drug, homoharringtonine, and others, as well as (5) traditional medicine (Lian Hua Qing Wen Capsule, Shuang Huang Lian Oral Liquid, Qingfei Paidu Decoction and Scutellariae Radix). Randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled large clinical trials are needed to provide solid evidence for the potential effective treatment. Currently, drug repurposing is a promising strategy to quickly find an effective treatment for COVID-19. In addition, carefully combined cocktails need to be examined for preventing a COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting global health concerns.
Highlights
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has, as a causative agent, a new betacoronavirus, severeCoronavirussyndrome disease 2019 (COVID-19)has, as a causative agent, a new betacoronavirus, severe acute respiratory coronavirus2 (SARS-CoV-2/2019-nCoV/CoV-2)[1]
This study indicated that favipiravir significantly shortened latencies to relief for both pyrexia and cough compared to arbidol, but did not influence clinical recovery rate on Day 7, as well as the rate of auxiliary oxygen therapy (AOT) or noninvasive mechanical ventilation (NMV) [38]
More than 45 different trials for SARS-CoV-2 were already registered in the US Clinical Trial Register, which are related to the examination of azithromycin in the treatment of COVID-19
Summary
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has, as a causative agent, a new betacoronavirus, severe. SARS-CoV-2 is a acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus [1]. CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV, following receptor binding, the virus particles use the non-/endosomal pathway to enter the host cells [5]. RNA, andand assembly of virus) entry, synthesis of the large replicase polyproteins, replication of genomic. 1. Schematic representation of severe acute respiratory coronavirus replication cycle within host cells. Proposed targets of the examined natural products, their (SARS-CoV-2) replication cycle within host cells. 3337.html) published by the Chinese National Health Commission, and the Treatment Guidelines (https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/introduction/) from US National Institutes of Health (NIH) [14] These guides include a deeper contemporary understanding of the clinical manifestations and pathological features of the disease and “the accumulation of experience in diagnosis and treatment”. We provide an overview of natural products and their derivatives or mimics, as well as traditional medicine products, which were reported to exhibit potential to treat COVID-19 in vitro, in vivo, or in clinical reports or trials
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