Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is widely distributed in the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere. It is a basic component of every plant cell as well as microorganisms, as a component of proteins, nucleic acids and chlorophyll. It enters soil with organic and mineral fertilizers, plant and animal residues and biological nitrogen fixation. There are various forms of nitrogen in soil, and this element is usually transformed by microorganisms. The transformation of nitrogen compounds (ammonification, nitrification and immobilization) is significantly influenced by climatic conditions and the physicochemical properties of soil. Microbial mineralization of nitrogen organic matter results in the enrichment of soil with this element, which is necessary to generate a yield. The amount of nitrogen entering soil through the mineralization of crop residues ranges from 15 to 45 kg N/ha in cereal residues and from 80 to 144 kg N/ha in winter rape residues. Biological nitrogen fixation can increase the nitrogen content in soil by 30–50 kg/ha/year. In recent decades, the mismanagement of mineral fertilizers has drastically changed the natural balance of the nitrogen cycle. Every year huge amounts of nitrogen compounds enter the aquatic ecosystems and cause their eutrophication. That is why it is important to have adequate knowledge of sustainable fertilization so as to practice integrated crop management.
Highlights
In the natural environment, nitrogen is distributed between the atmosphere, soil and the biomass of microorganisms
The binding of receptors with Nod factors causes depolarization of the plasma membrane of root hairs through the influx of Ca2+. This process initiates the infectious thread, the penetration of bacteria into the hairs and the formation of growths, in which the rhizobia turn into a bacteroid form and begin nitrogen fixation in a unique plant organelle known as symbiosome
CoTnhcleunsiiotrnosgen cycle in soil is a combination of transformations such as nitrification, denitTrihfiecantiitorno,gaennacmymcloexi,nmsioniel riasliazactoiomnb, inniatrtoiognenofimtrmanosbfiolirzmataitoinonasndsulcehacahsinngi.trTifhiceairtidoins,dcoevneitrryifgicaavteioann, eawnadmimmeonxs,iomnitnoeoraulrizuantidoenr,stnaintdroinggenofimnitmroogbeinliztraatinosnfoarmndatlieoancsh. iFnogr.aTlhoenigr dtiimsceo,vtehreyugnadveerastnanewdindgimoefnthsieonrotloe ouf rmuincrdoeorrsgtaanndisimngs oinf nthiterotgraennstfroarnmsfaotriomnaotifonnist.rFoogrena lcoonmgptoimuned, tshwe ausnldimeristteadndbyintgheoffathctetrhoaltetohfemvaicsrtomoragjoarnitisymosf minitchroeotrgaannsfisomrms aptrieosnenotf innittrhoegen compounds was limited by the fact that the vast majority of microorganisms present in the ecosystem cannot be cultured using traditional microbiological techniques
Summary
Nitrogen is distributed between the atmosphere, soil and the biomass of microorganisms. According to Prasad et al [66] and Shober et al [67], integrated agriculture is based on conscious fertilizer management processes, which aim to precisely determine the source of nitrogen in soil and the extent of its uptake by plants and microorganisms. Ammonification is the stage of nitrogen mineralization of organic matter During this process, low-molecular-weight organic nitrogen compounds (amino acids, urea, purine bases, nucleic acids) enter soil with animal and plant residues and the products of proteolysis are further transformed when ammonia is released [99]. The ammonification process involves numerous bacteria (Bacillus sp., Clostridium sp., Proteus sp., Pseudomonas sp., Serratia sp. and Escherichia coli), actinobacteria (Streptomyces sp., Micromonospora sp. and Nocardia sp.) and fungi (Aspergillus sp., Mucor sp., Cladosporium sp., Botrytis sp. and Trichoderma sp.) [76,110]
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