The Rolipram-Perillyl Alcohol Conjugate (NEO214) Is A Mediator of Cell Death through the Death Receptor Pathway.

Abstract

Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly aggressive primary brain tumor with a poor prognosis. Treatment with temozolomide, standard of care for gliomas, usually results in drug resistance and tumor recurrence. Therefore, there is a great need for drugs that target GBM. NEO214 was generated by covalently linking rolipram to perillyl alcohol (POH) via a carbamate bond to form the rolipram-perillyl alcohol conjugate. We show here that NEO214 is effective against both temozolomide-sensitive and temozolomide-resistant glioma cells. Furthermore, NEO214 is effective for different mechanisms of temozolomide resistance: overexpression of MGMT (O6-methylguanine methyl-transferase); deficiency in specific mismatch repair proteins; and overexpression of base excision repair (BER) proteins. NEO214-induced cytotoxicity involves apoptosis triggered by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, as well as activating the Death Receptor 5 (DR5)/TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL/Apo2L) pathway. In vitro studies show that glioma cells treated with NEO214 express DR5 and exhibit cell death in the presence of recombinant TRAIL, a growth factor constitutively produced by astrocytes. Our in vitro 3D coculture data show that induction of DR5 in glioma cells with NEO214 and TRAIL cause tumor cell death very effectively and specifically for glioma cells. In vivo studies show that NEO214 has antitumor efficacy in orthotropic syngeneic rodent tumor models. Furthermore, NEO214 has therapeutic potential especially for brain tumors because this drug can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and is effective in the TRAIL-rich astrocyte microenvironment. NEO214 is a strong candidate for use in the treatment of GBMs.