Abstract

The seasonal and regional variability of Arctic sea ice area (SIA) and thickness (SIT) were investigated between 1979 and 2020 for the Atlantic sector (AS), Pacific sector (PS) and Barents–Kara Seas (BKSs). We applied the SIA data from remote sensing observations and SIT data from numerical model calculations. We found the large summer variability of SIA and SIT in AS and PS compared with those in winter. The opposite feature was seen in the BKSs. The annual declining rates of SIA and SIT were the largest in PS (−1.73 × 104 km2 yr−1) and AS (−3.36 × 10−2 m yr−1), respectively. The SIA variability was modest for winter PS and the northern Canadian Arctic Archipelago of AS. The annual and winter SIA flux from PS to AS gradually increased in 1979–2020; the summer SIA flux accounted for 11% of the PS summer SIA decline. The annual and seasonal SIA outflow through the Fram Strait during 1979–2020 steadily increased while for annual and winter SIA export, the increase mainly occurred in 1979–2000; the summer SIA outflow was only 1.45% equivalent to the decrease in the entire Arctic summer SIA. We concluded that sea ice export was not a major impact factor on the seasonal and regional decline of SIA and SIT except for the individual years. The near surface air temperature (SAT) and sea surface temperature (SST) were responsible for the retreat and thinning of the sea ice. The dramatic increase in SAT in winter resulted in a strong decrease in winter sea ice in BKS. The outgoing longwave radiation had significant negative correlations with SIA and SIT and positive correlations with SAT and SST. The Atlantic multi-decadal oscillation, related to the North Atlantic Ocean’s SST anomalies, had significant negative correlations with SIA and SIT. The SIT had higher correlations with the atmospheric and oceanic factors compared with SIA, which indicates that SIT is important for predictions of Arctic sea ice and climate change.

Highlights

  • IntroductionThe Arctic sea ice plays a significant role in climate change through regulating the exchanges of moisture, momentum and heat between the polar oceans and the atmosphere

  • The sea ice thickness (SIT) had higher correlations with the atmospheric and oceanic factors compared with sea ice area (SIA), which indicates that SIT is important for predictions of Arctic sea ice and climate change

  • We focus on the spatiality of sea ice in three Arctic sectors, namely, the Atlantic sector (AS), the Pacific sector (PS) and Barents–Kara Seas (BKSs)

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Summary

Introduction

The Arctic sea ice plays a significant role in climate change through regulating the exchanges of moisture, momentum and heat between the polar oceans and the atmosphere. Based on the passive microwave satellite measurements from 1979 to 2019, the sea ice area (SIA) in September declined at a rate of about 13% per decade [1]. Long-term satellite sea ice thickness (SIT) for the entire Arctic Ocean were not available. The SIT estimated by submarine observations in various parts of the Arctic Ocean spanned from 1958 to 2000 [2]. The field measurements for SIT are highly temporally and spatially limited

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