Abstract
Background: Virtual reality (VR) is a technology that can be used as a tool to create 3-dimensional graphics for surgical education, including anatomy and surgical skills teaching. Hepato-pancreato-biliary (HPB) surgery requires specialized surgical skill training and is characterized by cases of complex anatomical variations, which might be difficult to appreciate and conceptualize for trainees in their early stages of education. We performed this systematic review to summarize evidence on real-world VR implementation in surgical education for HPB surgical trainees and to understand the effects of VR on HPB trainees.
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