Abstract
Inorganic phosphate (Pi) is an easily accessible form of phosphorus for plants. Plant Pi uptake is usually limited however by slow Pi diffusion through the soil which strongly adsorps phosphate species. Plants have developed mechanisms to increase Pi availability. There are also abiotic (phosphate level) and biotic (e.g., mycorrhizal) factors regulating the expression of Pi-responsive genes. Transcription factors binding to the promoters of Pi-responsive genes activate different pathways of Pi transport, distribution, and homeostasis maintenance. Pi metabolism involves not only functional proteins but also microRNAs and other non-coding RNAs.
Highlights
Phosphorus (P) is one of the most important macronutrients in the plant lifecycle
Lack of phosphate inhibits plant growth, whereas excessive phosphate levels are toxic to plants and stimulate algal bloom in water reservoirs
AtPHR1 regulates genes not directly involved in phosphate metabolism but possessing the P1BS element: e.g., P1BS occurs in the promoter of the Arabidopsis sulfate transporter 1;3 gene (AtSULTR1;3, At1g22150), which is up-regulated during Pi-deficient conditions in wild-type plants but much less in phr1 mutant plants (Rouached et al, 2011)
Summary
Phosphorus (P) is one of the most important macronutrients in the plant lifecycle. It is involved in the synthesis of nucleic acids and phospholipids, in reactions of phosphorylation, and in energy delivery (ATP). Located in the nucleus AtPHR1 can bind as a dimer via its MYB domain to the PHR1 binding site (P1BS, sequence GNATATNC), a motif present in the promoters of crucial Piresponsive genes (Rubio et al, 2001; Schünmann et al, 2004a; Bustos et al, 2010; Nilsson et al, 2010; Oropeza-Aburto et al, 2012).
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