Abstract
Bone is a naturally occurring composite mainly made of HydroxyApatite (HAp mineral phase and an organic matrix composed of collagenous and Non-Collagenous Proteins (NCPs). It has become apparent that NCPs role in intrinsic toughening, one of the primary contributors towards healthy tissue’s excellent fracture resistance, is considerable. Osteocalcin (OC) and Osteopontin (OPN) are the most abundant NCPs and, together, these are known to form protein complexes that mediate bonding at nanoscale interfaces in the extrafibrillar space.
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