The role of the microbiota of the gastrointestinal tract in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases

Abstract

In recent years, with the rapid development of molecular biology, genomics, high-performance sequencing technology and bioinformatic analysis technology, there has been an active study of a previously overlooked “organ” – the intestinal microbiota (GM). It is known that the microbiota of the human gastrointestinal tract plays a key role in metabolic, physiological, immunological and digestive processes. Microbial composition and colonization, in turn, depend on factors such as the neonatal delivery method, breastfeeding, nutrition, antibiotic treatment and environmental exposure at an early age. Also, one of the factors influencing the maintenance of homeostasis is the relationship between bacterial species or communities of species inside and outside the microbiome. Dysbiosis is the key to understanding the etiology of various diseases. Although the pathogenesis of IBD has not been fully studied, in patients with this pathology, inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract is a common sign of intestinal dysbiosis. Currently, there is a lot of evidence that intestinal dysbiosis leads to a violation of immune tolerance, which can cause or complicate the course of IBD. Thus, research is needed to clarify the role of microbiota in the pathogenesis of diseases. Based on changes in the intestinal microbiota, new diagnostic tools and possible treatment methods can be developed.