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Abstract
Both environmental and genetic factors contribute to relative species abundance and metabolic characteristics of the intestinal microbiota. The intestinal microbiota and accompanying microbial metabolites differ substantially in those who are obese or have other metabolic disorders. Accumulating evidence from germ-free mice and antibiotic-treated animal models suggests that altered intestinal gut microbiota contributes significantly to metabolic disorders involving impaired glucose and lipid metabolism. This review will summarize recent findings on potential mechanisms by which the microbiota affects intestinal lipid and lipoprotein metabolism including microbiota dependent changes in bile acid metabolism which affects bile acid signaling by bile acid receptors FXR and TGR5. Microbiota changes also involve altered short chain fatty acid signaling and influence enteroendocrine cell function including GLP-1/GLP-2-producing L-cells which regulate postprandial lipid metabolism.
Highlights
The gastrointestinal microbiota represents the largest population of microbial community in the human body
Based on size and density, lipoproteins are classified into 5 classes: chylomicron (CM), very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), and high density lipoprotein (HDL) particles [32]
Based on α diversity analysis, microbiota operational taxonomic unit (OTU) richness was negatively correlated with body mass index (BMI) and triglycerides, but positively correlated with HDL, while there was no significant correlation between microbial richness and LDL or total cholesterol levels
Summary
The gastrointestinal microbiota represents the largest population of microbial community in the human body. Backhed and colleagues were the first to report a striking difference in body fat content observed between germ-free (GF) mice and conventionally raised mice with the latter having 40% higher body fat content [21] These observations promoted many future studies exploring the role of gut microbiota in metabolic health. Studies in mice have revealed specific species to be beneficial for improving metabolic disorders: for example, Akkermansia muciniphila treatment has the ability to improve diet-induced obesity, fasting glycemia, and adipose tissue metabolism [29] While these studies provide insight for the development of therapies that target human gut microbiota for treatment of obesity and its associated metabolic disorders, the intricate process of how specific specifies of bacteria and their metabolites regulate energy metabolism remain unclear
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