The role of the gut microbiome in idiopathic Parkinson's disease

Abstract

In recent years studies have provided increasing evidence suggesting an association between the (gut) microbiome and idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD). The aim of this article is to summarize and evaluate existing evidence with respect to the relevance of the (gut) microbiome for IPD. An analysis and critical review of studies in the field of IPD and (gut) microbiome were carried out. The resulting potential perspectives and therapeutic strategies are discussed. Despite partially divergent results between different studies (potentially due to the applied methods and variance in the composition of the investigated cohorts), there is an overlap between studies indicating an association between IPD, the microbiome and microbial metabolites. Nevertheless, the cause-effect relationship between IPD and the microbiome has still not been clarified. Taken together, existing evidence supports apotentially relevant role for the microbiome with respect to typical disease symptoms and pathogenesis of the disease. Over the past 5years there has been an enormous increase in the evidence with respect to the relevance of the microbiome for IPD. While early work in this field was mainly descriptive, new diagnostic methods provide evidence for the underlying mechanisms and the complex interactions between man as the host, the human immune system, the enteric nervous system, gut microbiota and microbial metabolites. Arelatively novel and clinically relevant field of research is how the gut microbiome can influence the success of oral pharmacotherapy and whether substitution of specific microbiome components might be used either for future therapeutic or prophylactic strategies.