Abstract
Subsurface energy systems have historically focused on extraction of hydrocarbons through mining (coal) or drilling and pumping (oil and gas). These extractive industries have led to myriad environmental damages at the land surface as well as large greenhouse gas emissions that are driving climate change. Future energy-related usage of the subsurface is likely to involve large-scale fluid injection rather than extraction, with much of the injection occurring using the broad technology of carbon capture and storage, or CCS. The required pace of development, and the enormous volumes of fluids involved, highlight the need to develop a large-scale CCS industry. This development requires large-scale infrastructure, demonstration of storage security, and regional political and economic support.
Published Version
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