Abstract
Kidney transplantation is a primary therapy for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) all the time. But it does not mean that we have fully unraveling the mystery of kidney transplantation and confer every patient favorable prognosis. Immune rejection has always been a stumbling block when we try to increase the success rate of kidney transplantation and improve long-term outcomes. Even if the immune rejection is effectively controlled in acute phase, there is a high possibility that the immune response mediated by chronically activated antibodies will trigger chronic rejection and ultimately lead to graft failure. At present, immunosuppressive agent prepared chemically is mainly used to prevent acute or chronic rejection, but it failed to increase the long-term survival rate of allografts or reduce the incidence of chronic rejection after acute rejection, and is accompanied by many adverse reactions. Therefore, many studies have begun to use immune cells to regulate the immune response in order to control allograft rejection. This article will focus on the latest study and prospects of more popular regulatory myeloid cells in the direction of renal transplantation immunotherapy and introduce their respective progress from experimental research to clinical research.
Highlights
In 1954, Dr Merril and Murray of Harvard University completed the first successful kidney transplant between a pair of twins in order to avoid allograft immunity
Myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous population of bone marrow-derived myeloid progenitors that suppress immune responses in different kinds of inflammatory environments, such as organ transplantation, malignant tumors, infectious diseases, and autoimmune diseases [46]. They are functionally defined as a class because of phenotypically expression with characteristics related to precursors of hematopoietic cells that can stably differentiate into mature macrophages, Dendritic cells (DCs) and granulocytes at all stages [47]
The results show that the gradient of CCL5 around the graft contributes to MDSC’s enhancement of tolerance in kidney allograft recipients
Summary
In 1954, Dr Merril and Murray of Harvard University completed the first successful kidney transplant between a pair of twins in order to avoid allograft immunity. Myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous population of bone marrow-derived myeloid progenitors that suppress immune responses in different kinds of inflammatory environments, such as organ transplantation, malignant tumors, infectious diseases, and autoimmune diseases [46] They are functionally defined as a class because of phenotypically expression with characteristics related to precursors of hematopoietic cells that can stably differentiate into mature macrophages, DCs and granulocytes at all stages [47]. Many studies on the use of MSCs cell therapy to modulate immunity after kidney transplantation have been performed worldwide The goal of these studies is usually to induce inhibition through various forms of treatment with MSCs, so that patients can maintain the effect of immune tolerance based on minimal doses of immunosuppressive drug therapy to get the long-time survival of graft [76]
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