The Role of Porphyromonas gingivalis in Oral Biofilm: Pathophysiology in Chronic Periodontitis

Abstract

Periodontitis is a destructive inflammatory disease caused by a specific microorganism causing progressive damage to areas, especially the alveolar bone and periodontal ligament. Clinical manifestations of periodontitis are tooth mobility, pocket formation, and loss of attachment. Periodontitis is divided into two groups, namely aggressive and chronic periodontitis. The prevalence of chronic periodontitis in the world is around 50%. Meanwhile, the prevalence of chronic periodontitis in Indonesia, according to Riskesdas 2018 is 67.8%. Porphyromonas gingivalis is a bacterium that causes chronic periodontitis, which can form biofilm plaque and cause damage to periodontal tissue resulting in tooth loss. The formation of biofilm plaques due to accumulation of opportunistic bacterial species accompanied by increased gram-negative bacterial. These changes in composition affect the host's immune response so that periodontitis develops into a chronic inflammatory condition. Therefore, we conducted a literature search to analyze the effect of oral biofilms on chronic periodontitis.