Abstract
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nano-TiO2) can cause a reduction in sperm counts, and lactate production in Sertoli cells plays a key role in spermatogenesis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of nano-TiO2 on lactate production in mouse Sertoli cell line (TM4 cells) and to investigate whether the effect is mediated through the PI3K/AKT/HIF-1α pathway. After TM4 cells were treated with different concentrations of nano-TiO2 for 48 h, cell viability, contents of glucose and lactate, and the expression levels of GLUT3 and key enzymes (HK1, HK2, PFKM, ENO1, LDH) during lactate production were detected. PI3K/AKT/HIF-1α pathway proteins were measured. In addition, PI3K agonist (IGF-1) was added to explore whether nano-TiO2 regulates HIF-1α through PI3K/AKT pathway, thereby affecting the production of lactate in TM4 cells. The results showed that nano-TiO2 significantly inhibited TM4 cell viability, increased glucose content, decreased lactate content, and downregulated the expression levels of GLUT3 and key enzymes during lactate production. Meanwhile, nano-TiO2 decreased the expression of PI3K/AKT pathway phosphorylated proteins and HIF-1α, and IGF attenuated this effect of nano-TiO2. Collectively, nano-TiO2 downregulated the expression level of proteins and enzymes related to lactate production in TM4 cells by inhibiting PI3K/AKT/HIF-1α pathway, resulting in the decrease of lactate production in TM4 cells.
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