The role of photonics and natural curing agents of TGF-β1 in treatment of osteoarthritis

Abstract

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease leading to the breakdown of the hyaline cartilage between a varieties of diarthrodial joints such as the knee joint, carpals of the wrist and etc. When the cartilage is affected by trauma or wear and tear, Osteolysis may occur; broken debris of cartilage found within the synovial fluid may be recognised as a pathogen and therefore, the body’s autoimmune response will directly target the cartilage for destruction. Cytokines are proteins/peptides of glycoproteins that are secreted by cells and are involved in interaction and communication between cells. Transforming Growth Factors Beta 1 (TGF-β1) is one of well-known cytokines and had shown many effects on cellular biology including simulation or inhibition of cell proliferation, differentiation, production of extracellular matrix (ECM), remodelling, and producing both hormones and growth factors. On the other hand, Photonics recently play an important role for treatment of OA. The main aim of this review article is to investigate the effect of TGF-β1 in treatment of OA. Other important aim of this work is to explore the broad applications of optics and photonics in biomedical applications including treatment of OA. Biomedical applications of photonics have broad aspects including laser, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), quantum dots (QDs) and graphene and photodynamic therapy (PDT) which discussed in this review paper.