Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a coenzyme and considered an essential cofactor in cellular bioenergetics and adaptive stress responses. It is present in all living cells and governs fundamental biological processes including energy production, DNA repair, gene expression, calcium-dependent secondary messenger signaling and also in immune-regulatory roles. NAD+ depletion has been a subject of intense research due to the reason that it is associated with hallmarks of aging and age-related diseases, such as metabolic disorders, cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Recent studies have suggested that physiological and pharmacological interventions that elevate cellular NAD+ levels may slow or even reverse the aspects of aging and also delay the progression of age-related diseases. In this min-review, we have described the roles of NAD+ in relationships to aging and major age-related diseases. The emphasis is on the contribution of NAD+ depletion to aging along with strategies to modulate NAD+ metabolism through physiological and pharmacological pathways. Recent human clinical studies on NAD+ boosting are summarized. We have specifically addressed how boosting NAD+ levels could potentially play an important role as a promising therapeutic strategy to counter aging-associated pathologies and accelerated aging. Finally, a brief perspective on the future research direction is presented.
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